LEITHUR NGHAWNG THALO LEH A ENKAWL DAN


              Khawvela lei zaa 25-30 (Percent) hi a thur a ni. Amaherawhchu lei al(alkaline soil) ai chuan lei thur-ah hian thlai a tha duh zawk a, buh leh thlai tam tham tak hi lei thur a chin leh thar a ni. Lei al ai chuan lei thur tih reh hi a awlsam zawk a ni.


              Lei thur kan tih hi ser thur anga thur tihna a ni lo a. Lei thurah chuan Hydroxyl ion (OH-) aia Hydrogen ion (H+) lei a awm tam vang a ni. Lei thur leh al hi an tehna chu PH an ti a, saptawngin Negative logarithm of Hydrogen ions concentrations of solution an ti a, Mizo tawnga lehlin dan pawh a awm vak lo. Leithur leh al tehna PH chu 0-14 a ni a, a tlem lam a piang hi a thur a ni a, a tam apiang hi a al (alkaline) thung a ni. Lei PH 4.5 leh a aia tlem chu a thur lutuk a, PH 4.5-5.0 hi lei thur tak a ni a, hetiang leiah hian thlai a tha thei lo, 5.0-6.5 hi lei thur vak lo, thlai pawh that theihna a ni a, pH6.6-7.3 hi lei thur lo, al bawk si lo a ni a, Neutral pH an ti a ni. Lei pH 7.4-9.0 hi lei al (alkaline soil) a ni a, pH 9.1 leh a aia sang chu lei al lutuk a ni tawh a ni.


              Buh leh thlai hian an thatpui tawk lei pH (thur nasat dan) an nei vek a, entir nan Buh chuan pH 5.0-6.5 a thatpui a, vaimim chuan pH 5.5-7.5 ,Bekang leh Bean chuan pH 6.0-7.5, Behlawi chuan pH 5.0-6.5, Alu chuan pH 4.8-6.5 ,Fu chuan pH6.6-8.0, an thatpui tawk a ni. Thlai thangtha a thar tam tur chuan a thur lam pH an thatpui tawk a nih phawt a ngai a, tui a chawmthat leh a chaw mamawh pek that a ngai bawk.


              Engvangin nge lei chu a lo thur theih chu le ? tiin kan zawt mai thei. A chhan chu hengte hi a ni:

       1) Ruahsur tamna hmunah lei a thur duh bik.

       2) Leiah chuan Hydroxyl iom(OH-) aia Hydrogen ion(H+) a tam chuan lei a thur tihna a ni.

       3) Lei a hnim tawih leh ran ek tawih awm hian lei a thur duh a, a chhan chu hetianga a tawih lai mek hian Organic acid a insiam thin a ni.

       4) Thur( acid) siam thei Fertilizer hman vangin lei a thur duh .Entirnan-Urea, Ammonium Sulphate, Ammonium Nitrate.

       5) Leia lung chang (rock) siamtu Silica (SiO2) a awm chuan tui nen a in chawhpawlh hnuah Silicic acid a siam chhuaka, chu chuan leithur a siam leh chhawng a ni.

       6) Leia Organic acid awm vangin lei a thur duh. Entirnan-Sulphuric acid (H2SO4),Nitric Acid (HNO3), Nitrous Acid(HNO2), Phosphoric Acid(H3PO4).

I. Lei thur nghawng tha lo te :

       1) Lei thurah chuan Aluminium(Al), Manganese(Mn),leh Iron(Fe) a lo awm tam a, chung chu thlai tan a tha lo a, thlai than a thu a, a thar tlem phah a ni. A bik takin leilet buh hmunah chuan Aluminium a tam chuan buh zung a thang thei lo a, chaw a hip lut thei lo a, buh chu thang lo in a te reng a, vui a chhuah thei lo a ni.

       2) Lei thurah chuan Calcium a tlem zel a, Calcium hi thlai chaw pawimawh tak pakhat a ni.

       3) Lei thurah chuan Aluminium leh Iron vangin thlai chawpui pakhat Phophorus kha thlai hman theih lohin an tham bet tlat mai a, thlai a thang tha thei lo a ni.

       4) Hydrogen ion (H+) kha thlai zung tan tur (toxin) tha lo deuh a siam chhuak a, thlai zungin a chhiat phah a ni.

       5) Lei thurah chuan thlai chaw siamtu thil nung, mitlawnga hmuh tham loh tam tak khan hna an thawk hlei thei lo a, thlaiin a mamawh chaw tha an siam tha theilo a, thlaiin a than theihloh phah a ni. Thlai a than that loh chuan a that hlawk dawn lo tihna a ni . Mizorama lei hi a al (alkaline) ve lova, a lawmawm hle a ni. Lei thurah hian buh leh thlai tam ber hi a chin theih zawk a, a vanneihthlak hle a ni.

II. Lei thur enkawl dan :

       lei thur enkawl nan leh a thur tih reh nan chuan calcium leh magnesium awmna “ chinai” an hmang ber a ni. lei thur enkawlna chinai chi hrang hrang a awm a, an hman tlanglawn zual te chu hengte hi an ni.

   A.    Oxide of lime : Lei thur tih reh nana chinai an hman lar ber hi Commercial Oxide of Lime an ti a, Quicklime emaw Burnt lime emaw an ti bawk. He chinai hi dip tha tak a ni a, limestone hlang ai chuan a al tha zawk a ni. He chinai an siam dan chu hetiang hi a ni. :- a rawhna tur hmun bikah khan Limestone hi an rawh sa vak a, tichuan Carbon-di-oxide chu a hu in a ral vek a, Calcium leh Magnesium oxides a hnutchhiah a, tichuan Burnt lime kan tih ber Calcium oxide (CaO) chu a lo insiam ta thin a ni. Thlai hmun lei thur siam that nan hetiang chinai fir that dan chu za zela 85 -98(%) a ni tur a ni a, an hmun tlanglawn ber chu za zela 95 (%) a fir tha a ni.

       CaCO3+ heat CaO+CO2

       (Calcite) (Burned lime)

   B.   Hydroxide of Lime : Hetiang chinai hi Hydrate an ti bawk. Burnt lime (CaO) kha tuiin an leih a, tichuan tun laia lei thur tih reh nan Mizoram a kan hman ber chinai thi (Slaked lime) hi a lo insiam ta a ni.

          CaCO3+MgO+2H2OeCa(OH)2+Mg(OH)2

          (Burnt lime)          (Hydroxide of lime)

       Slaked lime an zawrh chhuah tawh chu a dip var hlak a ni a, Burned lime aiin a al (caustic) zawk a ni. Slaked lime fir that dan tur bithliah zat chu za zel a 95-96 (%) a ni.

C. Carbonate of lime : Carbonate of lime siamna tur bawlhlo hi chi tam tak a awm a, an hman tlanglawn ber chu limestone her dip hi a ni. Limestone in a pai mineral chi hnih pawimawh tak tak te chu Calcium Carbonate /Calcite (CaCO3) leh Calcium Magnesium


             Carbonate /Dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] te hi a ni. Limestone ah khan Dolomite a awm tlem chuan Calcic an ti a , Limestone ah khan Magnesium a tam chuan Dolomite limestone an ti thung a ni. Limestone ah khan Calcium Carbonate a awm tlem chuan Dolomite an ti a ni. Limestone den dip an zawrh hi Calcic leh Dolomitic vek a ni. Limestone fir that dan tur bithliah zat chu za zel a 94(%) a ni tur a ni.


             Lei thur a reh nan Limestone dip tha apiang kha a tuiral chak a, a tha bik a ni. A hrikna an siam a, Kaw te tak te te a awma, inchi khata sei ah hian a kua sawm (10) a awm tur a ni a, chutiang a hrik theih zawng chu a dip tha a ngaih a ni.


             Lei thur tih reh nana chinai hman tur zat hi lei thur nasat dan a zir leh a lei timur awm dan a zir a ni. Mizoram lei ang chi, lei changtual, Loam an tih ah chuan lei thur nasat lam kha pH kha 4.5-5.5 a nih chuan tin 2.5 hmun, hectare khatah chinai tone 1.25 phul a ngai a ni. Hetiang chi vek lei kha a thur nasat dan pH kha 5.5-6.5 a nih chuan chinai phul ngai zat chu tonnes 2.5 a ni. Tlema tlak lei deuh Clayloam ah chuan a thur nasat lam pH kha 4.5-5.5 a nih chuan hectare khata chinai phul tur zat chu tonnes 3.70 a nia, hetiang lei vek thur nasat lam pH kha 5.5-6.5 a nih chuan hectare khata chinai phul tur zat chu tonnes 5.0 a ni. A theih phawt chuan chinai phul hmain lei thur nasat dan kha hriat hmasak phawt tur a ni.


             Lei thur tih reh nana chinai hman tur an siam hi eng ang taka tha nge a nih hriat nan tehkhawng chi li (4) a awmsa a, heng hmang hian tih tur a ni. Chung tehkhawng hrang hrang te chu heng te hi a ni. :-

       1) Chinai ah khan Oxide awm kha engzata tam nge a nih.

       2) Chinai ah khan Calcium Oxide equivalent eng ang nge awm.

       3) Chinai hman hnuah khan eng tiang taka nasain nge lei thur a reh theih.

       4) Chinai a Calcium leh Magnesium awm zat tam lam (percentage)


              Mizorama lei thur tih reh nana chinai kan hman ber hi Hydroxide of lime a ni a, slaked lime an ti bawk a, chinai thi tiin kan sawi ber. Chinai thi hman tur zat hi a hmaa kan sawi tawh angin lei thur nasat dan a zirte, chinai thi dip that dan a zir leh a quality that dan a zirah a innghat a ni. A tlangpuiin hectare khat (tin 2.5) a zauah chinai thi tonnes 9-18 hman tur a ni. Kum hnih khat chhung lekin lei a thur mai ngai lo. Lei thur vanga thlai thar hlawk lo thin hi tiau vaivut tamna lei (Sandy soil) ah chuan kum 5 chhungin a lo awm thei a, lei changtual leh sawntlung leh tlak leiah chuan kum 10-15 chhungin lei a thur chauh a ni. Hei vang hian chinai thi hi kum tin buh leh thlai hmunah theh a ngai lo, a tlem berah kum 5-10 danah lei thur nasat dan a zirin theh chauh tur a ni.

D. Lei a chinai hnathawh dan : Lei thur tih reh nana buh leh thlai hmuna chinai theh hian eng ang takin nge hna a thawh a thlaiin a tangkaipui dan I lo en the ang.


              Lei a tiphur, Hydrogen ion a tlem , Hydroxyl ion a pung, Iron, Aluminium leh Manganese tuiral sam em em kha a tuiral chak lo sawt, Phosphates leh Molybdates a pung, Calcium leh Magnesium a pung bawk, Percentage Base Saturation a sang sawt, Patassium a pung, thlai tana bawlhlo pawimawh heng –Molybdenum, Phosphorus, Calcium leh Magnesium te hi thlaiin a hmang tangkai sawt, Iron, Aluminium leh Manganese a tlem phah. (Lei a thur nasat chuan Iron , Aluminium leh Manganese te hi thlai tan tur hlauhawm tak (toxins) a ni thei). Chinai hman vangin lei a awm thlai chaw siamtu thil nung te tak te te (Heterotrophic Soil Organisms) a inthlah pung chak sawt a, hei vang hian lei dur (humus) a insiam chak a, theikung lian ho tana bawlhlo hlauhawm a tibo bawk . Be lam chi thlai zung a, bawk chhunga thlai chaw siamtu hrik tha Rhizobium in chinai hman hi an thatpui bawk . Chinai hman hian thlai natna a tlem a, leiah thlai chaw tha a tam phah bawk. Amaherawhchu leia chinai phul vang hian Alu natna chi khat Potato Scab (Streptomyces Scabies-Bacterium) a hluar duh hle a, a chhan chu he natna awmtir tu Bacterium hian chinai hi inthlahpun nan a hmang tangkai tlat mai a.Chuvangin Alu chin dawn chuan chinai phul loh tur a ni.

E. Chinai hman dan leh hman hun : Lei thur tih reh nana chinai hman dawn chuan thlai chinna lei chu leh phut phawt tur a ni. Lei lehphut ah chuan hman tur zat bithliah sa chinai chu rual taka thehdarh tur a ni. Theh zawh veleh lei nen chawhpawlh leh vek tur a ni. Lei chunglanga theh var nguai ringawt hi theh loh nen a tangkai loh dan a inang reng a, lei thur a tireh chuang lo .Hei vang hian chinai theh zawh veleh lei nen chawhpawlh ngei ngei tur a ni. Thei huana thei kung inkara chinai theh pawh a theih ang angin lei nen chawhpawlh hram hram tur a ni. Thlai hmunah chinai hi kumtluanin a hman theih a, mahse thlai chin loh lai a hman a, lei nena chawhpawlh hi a tha ber a ni. Thlasik lai pawhin chinai hi a hman theih tho a ni.

F. Chinai hman tam lutuk a tha lo: Tlak lei leh sawntlung leiah chuan chinai hi tlem lutuk lo, tam lutuk lo hman hi a hlauhawm lo. Amaherawhchu balu lei, hnim tawih leh ran ek tawih (organic matter) tlemna leiah chuan chinai tam vak lo hman pawh thlaiin a chhiatpui thei a ni. Chinai hman tam lutuk that lohna chu hengte hi a ni:

       1) Lei a awmsa heng Iron, Manganese, Copper leh Zinc thlaiin a tlachham thei.

       2) Calcium Phosphates insiam vangin thlaiin Phosphate a hman tangkai tha thei lo.

       3) Thlaiin Boron leh Phosphorus a hmang tangkai thei lo

       4) Lei thur leh al zawng pH danglam thut hi thlai tan a tha lo.


              A hma lama kan sawi tawh ang khan lei thur nasat dan azirin kum 5-10 danah chinai hi thlai hmunah theh chauh tur a ni a, kum tin theh tur a ni lo. Chinai ah hian thlai chaw chi hnih Calcium leh Magnesium chu a awm ngei naa Fertilizer anga ngai a kum tin hman ve loh tur a ni.

Download